Galaxies and Explosions in Eternal Universe

Fil.kand. Olli Santavuori

23.3.2020-27.4.2020

Content:

Sources and thanks

Notes

Appendix A. Entropy

Appendix B. Why it is not so that there is nothing?

Appendix C. The space of the universe, 4th dimension, and time and redshift

Appendix D. Ultimate reality

Appendix E. What can be stated from the universe already by logic?

Appendix F. Biology. The life in the space

Appendix G. Theology, the relation of God and Universe

Appendix H. Cosmology, Creation and Evolution

This philosophical essay and a proposition for model of the universe is developed in the Internet forums[1] in dialog with other interested scholars and amateurs. Beginning of the initial invention that the accelerating going away of the galaxies from the eyes of the observer happens because of the infinite – no edge – property of the universe[2] . It does not follow from the expansion of the space itself as the Big Bang- theory (BB)[3] concludes and supposes. No one has been able to deny this proposal; only when based on the BB itself. No outside proof exists to refute the idea.

After that we have got in the discussions many other philosophical ideas. Most important is to make a strict difference between the local universe and the whole universe and handle them separately first. And abandon the concept of an observable universe for a while. The observable universe is nothing that exists in the reality, it depends of our capacities of observation. And we can know more than we observe, because we can make same conclusions from all that we already know to the local universe and to the whole universe, which are theoretically exact things existing in the reality.

It is a fallacy, that we can form a theory primarily or only from the observations. That kind of erroneous thinking comes from the empirical and naturalistic philosophy, which prevails in the academies. The science is not empirical or rational but both. Models and observations in the science go after each other eternally until the truth - the best possible map of the facts in the scientific community[4] - is achieved some future day in the extremely far future, if ever.

We know from the astronomy, that the galaxies form groups and chains and this is how the universe looks like in a noticeably big area. How long, we do not know. What is farther away is only a hypothesis, and it is different in Steady State theory (QSSC), in Multiverse- theories, in Dynamic Universe- theory (DU), in this theory (M-34DU), and in other theories[5] . And besides galaxies and stars there are almost void areas too. And black holes in the galaxies.

The whole universe might be like this: galaxies in chains in an eternal universe. This is one way of interpreting the data we have. We can really say that the modern astronomy has already solved

the main problem of the cosmology: which kind of universe we have there in the space?[6] This is one way to think how things are there.

This proposed model now states differently as others, that this situation prevails eternally and everywhere. This is the Steady State of the universe: galaxies everywhere.

There is always some ultimate basic way how the things are, an ultimate reality. This might be so that in the case of the universe we do not have to go and seek farther than the chains of the galaxies. (And in the case of matter and energy it may be so, that they too have always existed, we do not have to seek any beginning of the matter and energy.)

The Multiverse theory normally states that our universe of galaxies is only one of many similar universes in the infinite multiverse and may be so on and so on still farther. But it is also possible that it stops here, that this situation of chains of galaxies is already the ultimate Steady State. And it has not any beginning as in BB. This situation has always been like this and is everywhere like this.

This way of thinking is possible only if there are also eternally sometimes somewhere big and small explosions. Local Bangs, Multi Bangs. This is a simple solution to all the main problems of the cosmology, even when this is only a theory in the philosophical level, and it is not sure that this is the right one. Some other theory might of course be still better. And this is not a thoroughly formulated physical- mathematical theory, which needs time (movement) and space and matter and energy and forces all together in an exact form. And as has been said, differently for the whole and for local universes. This philosophical theory can be put in mathematical form, as any other philosophical, cognitive, verbal theory of the physics of the universe.

But it can be said, and this is amazing, that the whole philosophy and theology is ready as far as it can be understood nowadays. One can disagree, but this is the best of the alternatives. And from this philosophical theory follows some hypothesis that can be tested in astronomy. In normal Multiverse- theory it is not possible. The other “universes”, in fact only part- universes, are not visible there. Some of the local universes are visible if this theory is near the right one.

Big explosions will be seen in the astronomy in the very moment an astronomer starts to think that way. Or this model is wrong. But the truth is that every star and celestial body is from some explosion. So, the LambdaCDM- model, the prevailing BB- model, is going still more to wrong direction when it abandons the explosion[7] .

And there is no need for the beginning of the universe because it can be eternal. The beginning comes because there is supposed time for the universe; time, that is not eternal.

And there is no need for the expansion of the space, because it is possible that it has always been as big as now. The expansion comes because of one interpretation of the redshift, by the expansion of the space. Circular interpretation if used to prove the BB. There is a better interpretation by the other properties of the space. And interpretations by different understanding of the redshift.

In the Appendixes A-G is collected all the other achieved thoughts of the cosmology, answers to some critics and some profounder understandings.

[1] https://www.tiede.fi/keskustelu/77392/filosofiaa-mitka-ovat-kosmologian-ikuiset-kysymykset and Suomi24 filosofia and tähtitiede (astronomy). https://keskustelu.suomi24.fi and in some international forums. Also, in the ACG, A Cosmology Group, http://cosmology.info

[2] OS: Filosofia, 1986. OS: Maailmankatsomusta etsimässä. 1994. www.santavuori.com

[3] Big Bang means that the universe can have a beginning and it can expand. And does so.

[4] Stephen Toulmin uses this map- analog in his philosophy of science, which professor Oiva Ketonen recommended to me in studies in the University of Helsinki of the Philosophy of Science. “An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science” (1953)

[5] https://cosmology.info/resources/models.html

[6] Nobody has not yet realized this important fact. It is my invention that the whole thing seems to be so simple now because of the developments of the astronomy. The scientist continue with their calculations, but the whole problem is already resolved.

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

The local universe is all the galaxies that stems from the same beginning as the Milky Way. It expands only so long as the explosion expands. General Relativity theory, GR[8] handles all the happenings there in an enough manner, when all the forces are included that there really are: the gravity, the electromagnetic forces and all forces what there happen to be, gravitation first as always. (Gravity can be a real force; this is one thing where GR maybe thinks wrongly.)

Without study we cannot know which galaxies belong to the local universe. They are not necessarily all from the same beginning. This is only the position of the BB. We should know the age of every galaxy, and the distribution of the galaxies, and we do not yet know these things exactly enough, and not independently of BB.

Time of the galaxies, stars and planets depends of the velocities of their movements. GR states that. Local universe, and every other local universe, begins in an explosion, then there is a big cloud, then the stars and planets form themselves, then the galaxies and groups of galaxies and chains of galaxies. Someday the galaxies and the black holes and quasars explode in some area, and everything begins again. (The quasars might be these explosions, at least some of them.)

This explains the entropy[9] . Everything begins again in this area. And the universe is different entity as a closed or open system.

The Bang points can be calculated to the place and time where the galaxies go younger and younger. This locality of our galaxies explains the spectrum of most of the galaxies (from which the amounts of the matters in the galaxies and the ages of galaxies are estimated with other means), because we mainly see the local galaxies. Only them, says the BB and the Multiverse theory. But nobody has studied all the galaxies, and the ages must be studied again. They cannot be evaluated rightly by the BB only.

[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity

[9] Some people say that everything in the world goes to worse because of the entropy, or that entropy has some meaning for the model of the universe anyway.

When we know which galaxies belong to which population, we can have some idea of which kind of different populations there is in the visible universe and farther away.

If this theory is right, the whole universe can be modelled as a 4D universe without time. Space dimensions all four. The 4th is the infinite – no edge - property of the space[10] . And the all- property of the space of the whole might mean that it has a fixed size.

This again:

The universe has no beginning and not outside. It is infinite in the sense that there is no outside space and no edge, and finite because there is all the space.

This verbal expression is an exact formulation of this whole thing: the space and time of the universe. Logically it cannot be in any other way. At least rationally this is sound thinking. Better than any other way of thinking. GR does not think like this, but here it can be wrong. Albert Einstein did insist that his theory must be of the whole universe too. But this point is wrong and leads to the beginning and expanding of the universe, to BB. Which things are absurd, at least it is not a rational way of thinking about the whole.

This verbal expression can be put in mathematics in various ways.

4D is one possibility to say this mathematically. If we choose this mathematics, the space of the whole universe is not 3D, not 5D, but exactly 4D. The 4th space- dimension is the fact that there is not outside and there is all the existing space. It is infinite, but it is in the same time finite, because there is all the existing space.

It is not easy to understand how the time must be handled, but one possibility is that there is no time for the whole. Just an eternal Steady State, not for the parts of the universe - they are moving, dynamic, have time, evolution and development - but for some eternal, static properties of it as a whole.

The universe consists of innumerable local universes and we have no clue how big it is. We do not see the whole universe, but we might see some of the local universes. They merge with our local universe. There is whole the time clashes, merging of local universes, but the prevailing theory hinders us to see this, to understand what there happens. The chains of the galaxies fill whole the area of the whole universe, but all the galaxies are not from the same beginning, and the local universes merge with each other without so much trouble in doing so. Or some bangs are from the clashes.

When we think of the whole universe, the philosophical tools are better than the mere physical tools. Part of the philosophy of the cosmology is the same as theoretical physics of the cosmology. Philosophers have left the cosmology to the cosmologists, so now the cosmologists must handle the philosophical problems themselves, they should think like philosophers here in the philosophical problems of the cosmology. Are they ready for that?

In philosophical cosmology we do not have to turn whole time to the mathematics. This is totally or mostly a philosophical thing to understand which kind of the universe we have in the sky. It can be formulated in a verbal scientific language; it is not always necessary to turn to mathematical language. Mathematics is not a mystical matter; it is only the language that is needed here, in physics. Whenever we have a verbal theory of the universe, a philosophical theory, we can make a mathematical model of it. And then test it in the astronomy.

And cosmologists deal too much with their observable universe, which is not so good concept as they think. The local and the whole are better.

And everything in the cosmology is not physics. It has its philosophical, biological, theological, astronomical, geological, and other scientific aspects too. Everything that exists in the earth, exists in the universe whole time, because it exists in the earth, and the earth is part of the universe.

Mathematics must be applied rationally, physically, and empirically in the right way, that is the main thing in sciences, not the mathematics per se.

Cosmologists should read this essay of Louis Marmet: “Criteria for a Scientific Cosmological Model” in ACG.[11] It also handles the relation of mathematics to physics.

This rational thinking of the universe might be a revolution in philosophy too: something can be said of the universe from the logical point of view already. Normally nothing follows from the logic to the reality. Logic is only tautologies and concepts, nothing more. Logic says if the conclusions follow from the axioms, the premises; but the premises themselves must be concluded from the sciences and other concepts of the human understanding of the truth.

From the universe we know that it has all the space without outside, there is all the matter and energy, there is only one universe and it is eternal. Is it so? If it is, then something in the reality comes straight from logic. And there might be still some more logically fixed things.